Hezbollah the Terrorist Organization Essay -- Politics Terrorism Terro

Hezbollah: Hezbollah is a terrorist organization that originated in Lebanon in 1982. In just more than twenty years Hezbollah has proved itself to be an effective terrorist organization. Hezbollah is much more than just a terrorist organization. In Lebanon it has become a major political party and social force to be reckoned with, as well as a major supporter of other terrorist groups. Hezbollah is a powerful organization and this power has led to its dominance in the world of terror. Hezbollah was formed in 1982 by radical Lebanese Shiites who wanted to create an Islamic state in Lebanon and to free their land of Israeli domination (Byers, 2003). These extremists called their group Hezbollah, in English this translates to Party of God, because it combined political ambition with religious fervor. At this time Hezbollah was small and poorly armed, but soon they came to the attention of Iran. Iran was interested in exporting its brand of Islamic revolution to other Arab countries and in gaining greater influence in the region. Because of this interest Iran sent Hezbollah money and weapons, sent their elite Revolutionary Guard to Lebanon to help in the struggle with the Israelis, and set up training camps for Hezbollah in Lebanon (Byers). By 1985, Hezbollah was an organized group, with clear goals, specific strategies, and the financial resources to carry out its plans. This had been greatly accomplished with the help and support of Iran and Syria. The two main goals of Hezbollah have been first the adoption of Islamic rule in Lebanon. Most important though, is their goal for the removal of Israel. In principle this goal transcends the Israeli occupation of Lebanon. Hezbollah does not believe in the existence of Israel.... ...zbollah Be Next? Foreign Affairs, 82 (6), 54-67. Cohen, Amit. (2004). The Hezbollah Within Us. Retrieved March 30, 2004, from: http: //www.maarivint1.com Copans, Laurie. (2004). Hezbollah Influence Grows Among Palestinians. Retrieved march 30, 2004, from: http: //signonsandiego.printthis.clickability.com Lathem, Niles & Dan, Uri. (2004). Iran, Hezbollah Aid crazed Cleric. Retrieved April 23, 2004, from: http: //www.nypost.com Makdisi, Karim. (2004). Hezbollah 1, Israel 0. Retrieved April 14, 2004, from: http: //www.bitterlemons-international.org Saouli, Adham. (2003). Lebanon's Hezbollah: The Quest for Survival. Retrieved April 1, 2004 from LookSmart's FindArticles database: http: //www.findarticles.com Schiff, Ze'ev. (2004). Background Hezbollah had a Role in Ashdod Bombing. Retrieved March 30, 2004, from: http: //www.haaretzdaily.com

Public Opinion and policy Essay

In Public Opinion: Democratic Ideals, Democratic Practice, Rosalee Clawson and Zoe Oxley interpret public opinion as an individual’s beliefs and preferences in regards to all governmental matters and policies.(424) These individual ideas collectively are viewed as the overall populations opinions summarized and can be reflected by a poll. By collecting these opinions through the polling process, lawmakers are likely to take these opinions into consideration when creating and/or regulating a policy. In 1824 The Harrisburg Pennsylvanian newspaper conducted one such poll where the readers were asked to return a postcard with their opinion about the presidential candidates; Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams. Jackson won the poll as well as the eventual election.(Franklin) This style of opinion polling has increased over the years and evolved into a more refined and accurate representation of the public. For instance, instead of submitting an untraceable, anonymous postcard, peop le are instead asked to submit a survey and are required to submit some personal information, which will remain anonymous, in order to prevent the chance of someone submitting more than one survey. Due to the availability of the telephones and the internet, we are able to survey a larger and more diverse group of citizens which will allow for more accurate results. As voters, we are able to have some control over who represents our opinions as well as who we believe will make decisions that are truly for the betterment of the people and society. By understanding the five linkage models established by Norman Luttbeg (Robert & Kent, 20-21) we are able to see how public opinion can sway the formulation of a public policy. 1. The Rational-Activist Model assumes that all voting citizens are level-headed, informed, involved and politically active individuals. This model presents the idea that if representatives do not make decisions to satisfy the demands of the people, then the people will replace that representative. This model is the least likely to be apparent since the majority of the public does not keep close tabs on political actions. The largest flaw with this model is that we are assuming all voters are educated and rational about a particular issue and/or candidate. 2. The Political Parties Model takes place when an individual has an overall agreement with the ideals of an individual party. Citizens identify with a party whose overall attitude and beliefs mesh with their own. A major flaw within this model is the idea that representatives feel  pressured to take actions that are for the betterment of the party but not always for the individual citizen. 3. The Interest Groups Model establishes that the public can express their opinions to lawmakers by forming a group who will advocate for a collective cause. The groups place pressure on the lawmakers and parties electorally by rallying behind those that will publicly promote them. As well as monetarily by donating funds to those individuals and/or parties. By understanding this particular model we are able to see the likelihood of one group being more represented than another in society. This would create strife among the people as the group who is the least wealthy would be more likely to be underrepresented even though that group could contain a more accurate representation of the overall public opinion. 4. The Delegate Model maintains that a representative is elected based on the candidates values but not necessarily their stance on the issues. This model varies from the Rational Activist model in that it places more responsibility on the candidate to follow the opinions of the constituency or face being replaced and not place the responsibility on the public to educate themselves. While the Delegate Model and the Rational Activist Model are very similar the key difference is in noting that this model places more pressure on a candidate to follow their constituency’s ideas even if the candidate believes that other options would be in the best interest of the constituents. 5. The Sharing Model speaks on the idea that a representative will act on their own belief that may not be in complete alignment with their constituency but due to the unlikelihood that the lawmaker will go directly against their constituency they are still placing public opinion in their favor. This model overwhelmingly displays that a representatives values and character may come more into consideration with a voter than that representatives stance on a particular issue. (WK 2008) When we say population we are referring to a large mass of people that represent the summation of a geographical area. (Robert & Kent, 28) Population can be that of a country, state, city or even a university leading to extremely large groups of people that would take too much time to poll individually. Within any given population we take samples, collect data from a subdivision of a population in an effort to estimate the overall opinions of the collective group. Within these subsets of populations the results may not be a completely accurate reflection of the overall population. Religion,  race and income are factors that can greatly sway the outcome but most instances are unintentional. (US History) A biased sample is where there has been a methodical selection of the participants in an effort to achieve a planned outcome. An unintentional occurrence might take place with a telephone sampling. The University of Texas at Austin elaborated on this bias in regards to telephone sampling. For instance, if the amount of people who are without phones, or those who simply don’t answer the phone are not considered this can greatly skew the results. Truly random samplings are where the participants are participating solely due to chance and where every varying subset of citizens h as an equal chance to be selected. (Rosalee & Zoe, 29-30) A sample will very rarely get the exact percentages as it is highly likely that they will miss a group of people since the entire population is not participating and we are taking smaller groups to represent the entirety. The confidence level is a mathematical probability measure that tells us how reliable our data is in terms of accuracy. We keep this probability to a manageable number by keeping the number of individuals polled low. Polls are kept to less than 1,000 respondents due to the margin of error as well as the fact that the accuracy improves only marginally with larger samples. (Robert & Kent 30) The 1936 poll conducted by Literacy Digest proclaimed that the Republican candidate was likely to be the overwhelming winner of the Presidential election when in actuality it was Franklin Delano Roosevelt that won the bid for President. Seeing as how this poll was conducted at a time where the majority of people were dealing with the aftermath of the stock market crash and the subsequent great depression we can infer that the majority of the people polled were people who had the funds to subscribe to a weekly magazine, owned a telephone and possibly an automobile. The Republican candidate was proje cted to be the winner most likely due to the affluent Republican participants of the survey. During this same election George Gallup’s American Institute of Public Opinion did project the winner to be Franklin Delano Roosevelt, which placed the Gallup poll into the spotlight. It is believed that the Gallup poll was able to accurately predict the outcome due to their preference of using a smaller and more diverse sample. (Polling the Nations) Ideologies are the beliefs of an individual about the various social, cultural, political and economic operations within a society. An individual forms opinions based on their beliefs, life experience, genetics and many factors that as a whole make up their political ideology. (Rosalee & Zoe, p62) The liberal ideology is based on the beliefs that government intervention in economic matters, as well as a basic belief in the equality of the people. While a conservatives ideology is based on the beliefs that there should be minimal government intervention in all matters, as well as an emphasis on tradition and individual responsibility. (Robert & Kent, p72-73) There are five main influences that will affect how a person develops their ideology; family, gender, religion, ethnicity, and/or region. All of these influences will combine, influencing the opinions and beliefs of the citizen. Since a person develops opinions based on the experiences and knowledge they have developed over the course of their lives, there can be instances where a person can completely flip-flop on their original ideals as time progresses and while this is highly unlikely it is still possible.( Pelin, Erik, Jackie†¦) For instance, a person who grew up in an affluential conservative household may find as they get older and more independent that their view of the world is vastly different from that of their families. This can also lead to strife amongst families in instances where there is an obvious divide on the ideals. A person who is witness to the exchange of ideas between the opposing sides is likely to be influenced by the attitudes and opinions of the peop le while also comparing those individuals’ ideals to their behaviors, character, and reliability. Conservatives and Liberals have very different ideological standpoints and many Americans tend to lean towards one or the other in regards to their personal beliefs toward public policy making and governing styles. However, it has been discovered that the majority of the present American public do not identify themselves as adhering to one strict ideology but instead place themselves somewhere in the middle. (Robert & Kent, p83) Conservatives have the highest percentage of individuals who are strict ideologues. (Gallup-a) But there are many individuals from either side that can be uncompromising  in their ideals and take their truth as the one and only truth. In understanding a person’s chosen ideology we are faced with an interesting fact; that while most people tend to identify themselves as conservative, the overall majority of the public tends to vote more liberally. (John, 2014) Conservatives are ideologically defined by their strict adherence to traditional values and practices as well as their support for little to no governmental regulation and their emphasis on individual citizens taking personal responsibility. Liberals are alternatively defined by their belief that the government should be active in the regulation of the people in order to protect the citizens from the possibility of unequal and discriminatory actions. (Rosalee & Zoe, p134) Liberals are also recognized by their beliefs in the overall equality of citizens, protection of liberties and progressive thinking that is based on the idea that there is overall an essential goodness to the mass populous. While there are vast differences between these opposing sides , it is possible to see how a person may agree with a conservative view of government while simultaneously believing in the humanist attributes of the liberal view. Individuals will usually develop an allegiance to a particular party (typically Democrat or Republican, though many other political parties have emerged), or will categorize themselves as being an independent of a specific party affiliation. An individual’s party identification gives us a better idea on how that person will vote in elections as people tend to follow their elected party’s specific views on an issue as well as electorally support a political leader of the party, but that is not always the case. Party identification has been described as being a psychological identification, or being the way an individual has come to their current attitudes towards public policy by way of their individual life experience, that will continue to influence how new information is processed. (Thomas & Geoffrey) If we were to question an individual’s likelihood to remain a steady voter for one particular party, the Michigan Model theory will give us such a theory to go on as this model emphasizes an individual’s party attachment is  predominately stable. One noticeable flaw in this theory is if a party were to change their stance on an issue that overwhelmingly goes against the beliefs or ideals of the individual, the voter may then vote against the party if not possibly switch parties altogether. But this is unlikely as the voter is more likely to respond to the performances of their elected representatives than to their ideologies alone. (Harold, David, Marianne & Paul) By looking at the present day Republican Party we are able to see they are typically very conservative in their views, which may be why more and more religious people vote in accordance with this party. The Republican party favors towards older, affluent and white males while the Democratic party tends to be more diverse. The Democratic Party contains a very diverse group of people and is weighted in the areas of women, race and sexual orientation. (Gallup-b) The majority of younger Americans also identifies with the Democratic Party. By seeing the makeup of these parties we can deduce that it is likely the Democrats are representative of a â€Å"new school† wave that is pushing for a more liberalistic approach. (Adam, 2014) The presidential approval rating is one of the main political opinion polls taken and focused on by the media. This ranking shows whether the public generally approves or disapproves of the job performance of the person holding America’s highest office. In studying the inconsistent falls and climbs of the approval rating there have been certain trends believed to be the cause of some high points during a presidential term. (Rosalee & Zoe, 109) The honeymoon effect is the first trend that will take place during the days after a President takes office. This effect refers to the initial phase after the swearing in of the president into the office. Since this man is entering office with a clean sheet, and has recently come off of an approval high as evidenced by his election, people are more likely to be optimistic towards actions taken by the president. Eventually there will come a time where a problem is encountered and the president’s plan of action will no doubtedly ups et a cluster of people. After this point there can be varying reasons for the day-to-day rising and falling of the approval rating. (Robert & Kent, 120) In some instances a presidents rating can climb when the nation has been confronted with a foreign event that involves America and possibly a crisis for the American people. This idea is referred to as the rally round the flag effect. Robert Erikson and Kent Tedin write in American Public Opinion (121) this effect is likely to occur due to the desire of the American people to feel united behind a leader. One of the most accurate examples of this would be the attitude of the American people after the attacks that took place on 9/11 and the subsequent skyrocketing in the approval ratings for President George W. Bush. Upon deeper evaluation of this occurrence: when there is more of a relative calming of the people and the effects of war, both financially as well as the casualties incurred, the approval ratings are then subject to drop, one could say when â€Å"reality† sets in. (Rosalee & Zoe, 111) The final source for the possible explanations behind drastic increases and decreases in a presidential approval rating is the state of the economy. An economy that is poorly performing will likely result in low approval ratings for the President and a prosperous economy to increase the approval rating. According to Kevin Hoover in his article â€Å"Phillips Curve†, during a low economic point there will be higher rates of unemployment and inflation. These two factors can have a substantial and negative impact on an individual’s livelihood. President Obama was elected during a time of economic strife due to many factors including a housing market crash as well as the weighing cost of the â€Å"War on Terror†. Even though Obama was not in the Presidential office during the onset of the war, nor was he to blame for the inevitable housing market crash, his approval rating suffered due to the onset of these events aftereffects. Bibliography Robert S. Erikson and Kent L. Tedin, American Public Opinion, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2011 Rosalee A. Clawson and Zoe M. Oxley, Public Opinion: Democratic Ideals, Democratic Practice. Washington D.C., 2013 The University of Texas at Austin. â€Å"Biased Sampling and Extrapolation.† Last modified August 28, 2012. https://www.ma.utexas.edu/users/mks/statmistakes/biasedsampling.html Pelin Kesebir, Erik Phillips, Jackie Anson, Tom Pyszczynski, Matt Motyl, â€Å"Ideological Consistency across the Political Spectrum: Liberals are More Consistent but Conservatives Become More Consistent When Coping with Existential Threat† (February 11, 2013). http://ssrn.com/abstract=2215306 John Sides, â€Å"Why Most Conservatives are Secretly Liberals,† The Washington Post, March 6, 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/06/why-most-conservatives-are-secretly-liberals/ Gallup-a. â€Å"Conservatives Remain the Largest Ideological Group in U.S.† Last modified January 12, 2012. http://www.gallup.com/poll/152021/conservatives-remain-largest-ideological-group.aspx Gallup-b. â€Å"Democrats Racially Diverse; Republicans Mostly White† Last modified February 8, 2013 http://www.gallup.com/poll/160373/democrats-racially-diverse-republicans-mostly-white.aspx US History. â€Å"American Political Attitudes and Participation: What Factors Shape Political Attitudes?† Last modified January, 2013. http://www.ushistory.org/gov/4b.asp Christopher Ellis and James A. Stimson, â€Å"Pathways to Ideology in American Politics: the Operational-Symbolic â€Å"Paradox† Revisited† http://www.unc.edu/~jstimson/Working_Papers_files/Pathways.pdf Harold D. Clarke, David Sanders, Marianne C. Stewart and Paul Whitely, â€Å"The Dynamics of Party Identification,† in Political Choice in Britain, edited by Harold D. Clarke (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 185-186. https://www.essex.ac.uk/bes/bookfiles/Sanders-ch06.pdf Franklin & Marshall College. â€Å"The First Political Poll.† Last modified June 18, 2002. http://www.fandm.edu/politics/politically-uncorrected-column/2002-politically-uncorrected/the-first-political-poll WK, Ph.D. Candidate, â€Å"The Role of Salience on the Relationship between Public Policy and Public Opinion† (Paper prepared for DC AAPOR Student Paper Competition, December 12, 2008) http://www.dc-aapor.org/documents/spc08wk.pdf

Peter and Petrine Contribution to Russia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2098 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2018/12/30 Category History Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction Peter and Petrine culture represent a radical break with Russias past because Peter the great inherited an administration that had a lot of serious challenges. Nonetheless, Peter and Petrine being performers, planned to address some issues that faced the Russians. Peter succeeded in most areas but also at the other end failed to achieve some problems. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Peter and Petrine Contribution to Russia" essay for you Create order Like, most leaders, Peter faced opposition from other leaders. Rejection from opposition never stopped Peter from accomplishing his goal. Instead, it motivated him to work even harder. Peter aimed at modernizing and transforming Russia for the better. The transformation was based on bringing basics of European culture in Russia (Werb, 25). Peters and Petrines contributions to Russias history Peters rule was defined by battles with Sweden and the Ottoman. Afterward, the consecutive defeat from enemies, which were reminiscent of military losses brought about by his reign. This caused Peter to form a navy and transform the military, which could be a great step in winning the battle. These reforms included the following, establishment of the center of higher learning that replaced prikazy and created a Senate to manage government policies. Peter started a newspaper that was used to keep the public updated on matters concerning administration activities (Vladiv-Glover, 2). For instance, mapping all Russia and its resources to ensure control and extraction. Women attained some freedom under Petrine reign. Introduction of foreign influences to Russians for example, shaving of beards and initiation of new fashion (Rollberg, 335). Development of countrys offensive and defensive capabilities by creating another navy and improving the existing army. Trade was developed due to t he expansion of Russian territory. Peter ensured education was improved and Russians could get access to it. Peter also promoted the Russian culture by ensuring he changed the traditional ways of doing things. These reforms were achieved through several initiatives: modest systems for military, Russians marine armies and modernized the military to fit the western culture (Rollberg, 335). Petrine also ensured the administration was streamlined and mobilized Russias economy and social resource. Peter knew that the economy of Russia was in need of reform and this prompted him to travel to different developed countries in a bid to get better ways to develop his home country (Vladiv-Glover, 2). During those trips, Peter was able to learn so much. Peter was able to learn how to improve the economy, and this could help the Russians. Peter knew that if the country economy was stable, the Russians could not travel to other counties in search of job opportunities in countries where the economy was strengthened. Due to this reason, Peter thought to apply the western mercantilism to stimulate agriculture, industries, and commerce. During that time most industries were dominated by the state. Those enterprises were the source of capital, raw material, labor and also the purchaser of the final product (Zitser, 101). This was not enough to support the people of Russians so peter established factories that were producing a wealth of materials and products. Through the development of indu stries, Peter opened job opportunities. Hence Russians had no reason traveling to other countries, therefore, disagreeing with Klyuchevsky that peter ambitions represented a radical change to Russia. Education was so essential to Peter that he could go against any odd. Education was only meant for the upper-class people, but Peter made it accessible to all people regardless of the class level. The general public found it so difficult to express themselves, and they were often left disappointed since they could not afford to get an education to improve their lives and thus continued to suffer in silence. The Russians only expressed themselves through painting. Peter wanted a modern army and navy that could be able to fit the evolving world. Peter travels had made him see the importance of education. For example, the knowledge of engineering that the naval officers needed to navigate. Petrine ensured that education reforms were continued during his reign (Rollberg, 335). Petrine had seen the importance of education introduced by Peter. For instance, Lomonosov was one among many people who were able to prosper under peter reforms. Additionally, Peters love for learning started since as a young boy, and his curiosity made him attain new knowledge and even started some schools, for instance, school of medicine, school of science and school of engineering .peter the great sponsored schools on secular lines where children, soldiers, and officers were admitted. Peter even permitted Russians to go abroad in search education. Due to lack of scientist in Russia, the schools had to be operated by foreigners (Werb, 25). This was one of the main reasons why Peter wanted Russians to be trained since developing foreigners was not his dream, but instead, he believed on Russians. Many young good men were advised to learn and experience the feeling of western culture. Peter encouraged Russians youth to learn the new technologies and economic theories so that they can be able to compete with the changing world. Broadening of knowledge was not a threat to peter, but instead, it was observed as a great benefit to Russias develop ment (Zitser, 101). During the reign of Petrine, the members of administration exerted pressure on the government and private entrepreneurs to continue the policies of skills training that was beneficial to the Russians. Similarly, when Peter inherited the throne, the Russia was under-developed compared to successful countries. This was due to Russian nature of opposing modernization. Peter carried the reform that affected industry, economy, and administration. The reformation was aimed at bridging the gap between the western countries and Russia (Rollberg, 335). The church was at the heart of peter reforms. Russian was believed to be pagans due to their traditional ways. The high level of illiteracy in Russia made it even delicate in handling agriculture activities like handling machines used for farming. Petrine ensured that he introduced other farming methods and Russians were educated and could be able to operate the machinery (Vladiv-Glover, 2). This could help the Russians to increase their produce hence solving the issue of drought that was a big problem. Churches were a very wealthy institution that owned huge amounts swathes of land enough to rival the authority of the Russias. The churches were managed by Prikaz who paid monks salaries and received all monastic revenues (Werb, 25). That revenue helped the Russias in developing the growth of industries and economy.so peter thought controlling churches could help in getting revenues to at least boost their economy. Peter challenged Russian values with his reform, the traditionalist in specific and fashion which was opposed by orthodox. They believed that reform were threats to their religious beliefs and practices. Some of these practices included the shaving of beards by men. (Zitser, 101) These reforms applied uniformly across the Russians but the upper classes people were affected most. In this case, the upper-class people were looked upon by lower class for example in fashion. Peter believed that if the upper-class adopt the new fashion, it will create a great impact on the lower class people. Peter intention was to abolish the Russians tradition way of living that was outdated and could not fit in the evolving world ( Rollberg,335). The young generation embraced new fashion very well. This helped them in facing other people from different countries who dont understand Russians traditions. The societal reforms which were considered offensive were planned to reform fashion and interaction of people among the genders in open places. Before Peter, boys and girls were prohibited from interacting except with an elderly intervention. This reform helped the Russians widely since it created a breakthrough for even foreigners to travel to Russia to invest and felt the Russians had developed both economically and socially. Peter was so much concerned on how foreigners viewed the Russians (Werb, 25).peter adored the Russians women hence introducing laws and legislation that protected the women. In these laws women had a right to dissolve the forced marriage as it was not the case before Peter reform. For instance, peter marriage to Evdokiia was not according to peters choice, but his family arranged it against his desires. Petrine ensured that men who abused womens dowry were taken to court and charged. Peter rejuvenated Russian values and painting which created interest in education where St. Petersburg was the main artistic center. Peter introduced the system Table of Ranks that replaced the boyars. The highest position in Russian was hereditary. Table of Ranks being introduced, allowed everyone to work their way up to administrative hierarchy with sufficient hard work and skills. Regardless when peter reforms were not introduced, where commoner people were not allowed to work in the bureaucratic pyramid (Werb, 25). This has been a big success to Russians. Peter introduction of governing state that replaced boyar council. The Senate coordinated various government organs and also supervised the collection and expenditure of revenue. According to the research, this became the best institution, especially in law administration (Vladiv-Glover, 2). Peter organized the army according to western standards. Before Peter, the soldiers relied on the militia of the streltsy and the Russian corps. Streltsy was involved in several rebellions against peter since the group was abolished. Peter was very fair in selecting the o fficers from nobility, he also enlisted peasant and townspeople into the other ranks hence ensuring fairness at all levers (Vladiv-Glover, 2). Weapons were invented according to the latest standards and officers were required to make their men proficient in combat from the skill they got from schools introduced by Peter. Modernizing the army made Russia a naval power and its was able to strengthen its position. Petrine main reasons for reforms was to win the war (Rollberg, 335). Peter helped to form a grand alliance that comprised of Russians, Denmark, and Saxony against the Swedish Empire leading to the big Northern war the war lasted for twenty-one years. After a successful northern war, the Russia become a dominant power in Europe. Through diplomacy and skillful statesmanship, Peter was able to expand the Russia territory and make it a major European power. Russia was able to extend their boundaries since it gained access to eastern shores of the Baltic after the war. This was Peter greatest success, and this led to the growth of the economy of Russia. This was all acquired through peters travel abroad and his curiosity to European culture (Werb, 25).peter also gave Russians a right to elect municipalities of their choice since he released that the townspeople had no power to select leaders. Russians believed leaders were elected from upper classes assumption that Peter changed. This reform was furthered by the establishment of the Head of Magistrate that controlled the distribution of finances and tax collection. Conclusion Peter and Petrine culture represent a radical break with Russias past because Peter and Petrine inspirations were often connected to war and the consolidation of their autocratic rule. Peter used important measures in implementing some of his reforms. Nevertheless, peter changes on education still had a larger implication (Zitser, 101). Peter wanted to modify ingrained behaviors, as well as to run Russia more competently to make Russia modern and part of western countries. The action of building and promoting learning in Russia could create a lot of impact on Russians in term of their economy. Peter and Petrine actions within their country were innovative and significant and ensured fairness at all times. Education was introduced to Russians to improve growth and economy. The growth was felt in many areas like in society and soldiers, where the Russians were to express themselves and handle farming machinery and other technologies (Werb, 25). Therefore Peter and Petrine made positive reforms to Russia since they believed in making their country the best. Nevertheless, their transformations were achieved although they were followed by many challenges, for example, resistance from orthodox who believed they wanted to challenge their religious belief. They also faced mockery and civil disobedience more so from men as they were forced to shave their beard. Their reforms helped Russia in expanding their territory, improve economy and culture (Zitser, 101). Russian culture was too traditional and outdated hence peter reforms modernized it to fit in the western countries. This was enough evidence that Peter and Petrine reforms were beneficial to the Russians. References Rollberg, Peter. Peter the great, statism, and axiological continuity in contemporary Russian television. Demokratizatsiya 22.2 (2014): 335. Vladiv-Glover, Slobodanka. Introduction: Socialist Realism as Genealogy of an Era. Transcultural Studies 9.1 (2013): 1-3. Werb, Daniel, et al. A socio-structural approach to preventing injection drug use initiation: rationale for the PRIMER study. Harm reduction journal 13.1 (2016): 25. Zitser, Ernest. Tour de Force: Irina and Dmitrii Guzevichs Analytical Bibliography of Tsar Peters Grand Embassy to Europe. E-Journal of Eighteenth-Century Russian Studies 1 (2013): 99-106.